Осанка и окклюзия. Исследования
Jul. 9th, 2026 07:32 pm![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
healthy_back Every entry has DOI (where available) + all links I could find.
1. - no fucking relation to the topic, but extraction-airway
DOI: 10.4103/0976-237X.132314
Links: PMC: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4067782/
PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24963245/
https://journals.lww.com/cocd/fulltext/10.4103/0976-237x.132314~effects-of-first-premolar-extraction-on-airway-dimensions-in
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263476672_Effects_of_first_premolar_extraction_on_airway_dimensions_in_young_adolescents_A_retrospective_cephalometric_appraisal
Sharma et al., 2014
Effects of first premolar extraction on airway dimensions in young adolescents: A retrospective cephalometric appraisal
A retrospective cephalometric evaluation was carried out on the available pre and post orthodontic treatment records of 150 patients (12-18 years of age) who had bimaxillary proclination and were treated with fixed orthodontic therapy.
It was observed that the mean values of nasopharyngeal dimension and Total Airway Length (TAL) showed no statistically significant difference in pre and post treatment groups. All other airway and hyoid parameters showed statistically significant difference. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed statistically significant correlations in all the airway and hyoid parameters.
2. - no fucking relation to the topic, but extraction-airway
PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26330227/
doi: 10.1007/s11325-015-1238-3
Guilleminault et al., 2016
Missing teeth and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea
Conclusion: Alveolar bone growth is dependent on the presence of the teeth that it supports. The dental agenesis in the studied children was not part of a syndrome and was an isolated finding. Our children with permanent teeth missing due to congenital agenesis or permanent teeth extraction had a smaller oral cavity, known to predispose to the collapse of the upper airway during sleep, and presented with OSA recognized at a later age. Due to the low-grade initial symptomatology, sleep-disordered breathing may be left untreated for a prolonged period with progressive worsening of symptoms over time.
3. - no fucking relation to the topic, but REtraction-airway
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21793712/
doi: 10.2319/011011-13.1
Wang et al., 2012
Changes of pharyngeal airway size and hyoid bone position following orthodontic treatment of Class I bimaxillary protrusion
Conclusions: The pharyngeal airway size became narrower after the treatment. Extraction of four premolars with retraction of incisors did affect velopharyngeal, glossopharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and hyoid position in bimaxillary protrusive adult patients.
4. - no fucking relation to the topic, but REtraction-airway
PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22462464/
DOI: 10.2319/110211-675.1
Chen et al., 2012
Effect of large incisor retraction on upper airway morphology in adult bimaxillary protrusion patients
There was a significant correlation among the retraction distance of the upper incisor at its edge, the retraction distance of the hyoid in the horizontal direction, and the decrease of the hypopharynx.
Conclusion: Large incisor retraction leads to narrowing of the upper airway in adult bimaxillary protrusion patients.
5. - no fucking relation to the topic, but extraction-REtraction-airway
PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21118911/
DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjq109
Germec-Cakan et al., 2011
Uvulo-glossopharyngeal dimensions in non-extraction, extraction with minimum anchorage, and extraction with maximum anchorage
Superior and middle airway space increased significantly (P < 0.05) in group 1. In group 2, none of the parameters showed a significant change, while in group 3, middle and inferior airway space decreased (P < 0.01). The findings show that extraction treatment using maximum anchorage has a reducing effect on the middle and inferior airway dimensions.
6.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38438541/
Full text: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-55840-w
PDF: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-55840-w.pdf
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55840-w
Peng et al., 2024
Craniocervical posture in patients with skeletal malocclusion and its correlation with craniofacial morphology during different growth periods
This study aimed to investigate the association between craniofacial morphology and craniocervical posture in patients with sagittal skeletal malocclusion during different growth periods.
Most indicators describing craniocervical posture were largest in skeletal Class II and smallest in skeletal Class III during the peak growth periods and later. Cervical inclination variables were greater in skeletal Class III than in skeletal Class II. Variables of craniofacial morphology and craniocervical posture are more correlated during the pubertal growth period and later in patients with sagittal skeletal malocclusion. A tendency is an indication of the close interrelationship that a more extended head was in skeletal Class II while a flexed head was in skeletal Class III. Nevertheless, with the considerations of some limitations involved in this study, further longitudinal studies with large samples are required to elucidate the relationship clearly.
7.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3bf2/91f799d70f9fca60bb5ad8afb48b11bbefdd.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331878581_Cervical_Posture_and_Skeletal_Malocclusions_-_Is_there_a_Link
DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v15i1.20509
Tauheed et al., 2019
Cervical Posture and Skeletal Malocclusions – Is there a Link?
The present study concludes that skeletal sagittal jaw relations differ in their cervical postures, especially cervical curvature. Skeletal Class III subjects have significantly straighter cervical columns than skeletal Class I subjects. We also conclude that curvature of the cervical column has a correlation with sagittal jaw relations. Nevertheless, based on a cross-sectional study, it is not possible to reach a definitive conclusion that can indicate the cause and effect relation of cervical posture and skeletal sagittal jaw relations. Hence, it is recommended to follow these variables in a longitudinal study.
8.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12723858/
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08869634.2003.11746240
doi: 10.1080/08869634.2003.11746240.
Festa et al., 2003
Relationship between cervical lordosis and facial morphology in Caucasian women with a skeletal class II malocclusion: a cross-sectional study
The sample comprised 70 Caucasian adult women, average 27.4, in skeletal class II and Angle class II. Lateral skull radiographs were obtained in natural head position (mirror position). Ten morphological variables were individuated on tracings. In order to assess errors due to landmark identification, double measurements were made in ten randomly selected radiographs and were compared with Dahlberg's formula. A Sperman's rank correlation test showed a negative correlation (P < 0.01) between cervical lordosis and mandibular length (compensatory curvature of the cervical spine) and positive correlation between anterior cranial base and maxillary length (P < 0.05). Based upon the cross-sectional method, no conclusion was possible about the mechanism concerning these results. Future longitudinal studies in growing patients should be directed to understanding the extent of environmental and genotype influences on cervical lordosis angle.
9.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14964336/
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/crn.2004.005
doi: 10.1179/crn.2004.005
Lapatki / D'Attilio et al., 2004
Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study
Intra-group analysis showed significant correlations between the CVT/EVT angle and mandibular length (p<0.01), mandibular position (p<0.05), mandibular divergence (p<0.01), and overjet (p<0.01) in both groups. Between groups, the analysis showed significant differences in CVT/EVT angle (p<0.05), maxillary protrusion (p<0.01), mandibular protrusion (p<0.01), mandibular length (p<0.01), mandibular divergence (p<0.05), and overbite (p<0.05).
10.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4264092/
Z. Hedayati, 2013. Comparison of Natural Head Position in Different Anteroposterior Malocclusions
Conclusion: A more forward head posture was observed in skeletal class III participants compared to skeletal class I and II and that class III patients tended to incline their head more ventral compared to class I participants. These findings may have implications for the amount of jaw movements during surgery particularly in patients with a class III malocclusion.
11.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34623215/
doi: 10.1080/08869634.2021.1987040
C. Sandoval, 2024. Assessing cervical spine and craniofacial morphology in Class II and Class III malocclusions: A geometric morphometric approach
Compared with Class III, Class II individuals presented a maxillary protrusion, mandibular retrusion, shorter mandibular corpus, posterior mandibular ramus rotation, anterior cranial base rotation, and a smaller centroid size. Furthermore, a forward and smaller cervical spine were observed. With GMM, the shape and size differences between skeletal classes can be analyzed visually and numerically.
12.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1379641/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-7-8
Lippold et al., 2006. Sagittal jaw position in relation to body posture in adult humans – a rasterstereographic study
No correlations between overjet and variables of the thoracic, lordotic or the pelvic inclination could be observed.
12.
Full text: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/8/2626
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14082626
Dipalma et al., 2025 (Systematic review). Head and Cervical Posture in Sagittal Skeletal Malocclusions: Insights from a Systematic Review
Results: Significant correlations were identified between sagittal skeletal malocclusions and craniocervical posture, particularly cervical curvature. Class II malocclusion was associated with increased cervical curvature and forward head posture, whereas Class III malocclusion was linked to straighter cervical columns and a more posterior head position. Variations in cervical vertebral morphology were also observed, especially in relation to head posture and craniofacial structure. However, considerable heterogeneity was noted among studies regarding sample populations, measurement techniques, and classification criteria.
Conclusions: This review highlights a strong interrelationship between craniocervical posture and sagittal skeletal classification, with potential clinical implications for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Further longitudinal studies are needed to establish causal relationships and improve orthodontic management strategies.
13.
Full text: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0276156
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276156
Peng et al., 2022. Does head and cervical posture correlate to malocclusion? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Results: 6 original cross-sectional studies involving 505 participants were included, which were of moderate methodological quality. NL/VER in Class Ⅱ group and NL/CVT in Class Ⅲ group showed significant differences compared to Class Ⅰ group, but no significant differences were observed in most of the variables like NSL/VER, OPT/CVT, OPT/HOR, CVT/HOR, NSL/OPT, NSL/CVT, NL/OPT in Class Ⅱ and Ⅲ groups.
Conclusions: The results suggested that the current research evidence is not sound enough to prove the association of head and cervical posture with sagittal malocclusion. Better controlled design and a larger sample size are required for clarifying this question in future study.
14.
ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1723778510000982
doi: 10.1016/j.pio.2010.09.010
Michelotti et al., 2011. Dental occlusion and posture: an overview
Results: The studies showed that even if some associations have been found between occlusal factors and postural alterations, there is not enough scientific evidence to support a cause-effect relations. Most studies suffer from major flaws such as lack of control groups, failure to take into account for the possible confounders, inappropriate study design, and lack of sufficient reliability and validity of used diagnostic tests.
Conclusions: On the basis of this overview, it is not advisable to perform occlusal and/or orthodontic treatment, especially if irreversible and expensive, to treat or prevent postural imbalances or alteration of spine curvatures.
15.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11204623/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38929993/
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/12/3463
doi: 10.3390/jcm13123463
D. Różańska-Perlińska, 2024. The Correlation between Malocclusion and Body Posture and Cervical Vertebral, Podal System, and Gait Parameters in Children: A Systematic Review
Conclusions: The majority of studies on malocclusion and posture have confirmed a discernible association between malocclusion and posture. Various methodologies, including gait analysis, posturographic examination, and clinical assessments, have been employed to explore this relationship. Notably, a study on the effects of rapid palatal expansion (RPE) on posture during gait indicated a significant improvement in dynamic posture and emphasized the potential benefits of orthodontic interventions in enhancing overall body balance.
The majority of the studies focused on the relationship between malocclusion, cervical vertebral column morphology, and head posture; emphasized the intricate nature of this relationship; and acknowledged the nuanced associations between craniofacial structures and body positioning.
The studies exploring the relationship between malocclusion, foot posture, and body balance highlighted the positive effects of correct dental occlusion on podalic support and homogeneous weight distribution on both feet.
The studies dealt with various aspects of the complex association between malocclusion and gait parameters in pediatric populations and collectively have contributed substantially to the understanding of the relationship between malocclusion, dental occlusion, and gait dynamics.
Claude: What the paper does not prove
• It does not prove that malocclusion causes poor posture.
• It does not prove that orthodontic treatment will correct posture or gait.
• It shows correlations, not a clear cause-and-effect relationship.
16. - no fucking relation
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1664734/
doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.050443
T. Miles, 2003/2004. Control of human mandibular posture during locomotion
Claude:
Measured mandibular movements and masseter EMG during hopping, walking and running. Heel landing with relaxed jaw muscles caused the mandible to drop and evoked a stretch reflex in the masseter at monosynaptic latency. During walking the movements were too small and slow to trigger reflexes; during running, stretch reflexes actively stabilize jaw position.
Abstract:
It is concluded that, during walking, the small, slow movements of the mandible relative to the maxilla are subthreshold for stretch reflexes in the jaw muscles: i.e. the mandible is supported by visco-elasticity of the soft tissues in the masticatory system. However, the brisker downward movements of the mandible after heel-landing during hopping and running evoke segmental reflex responses which contribute to the active maintenance of the posture of the mandible. This is a unique demonstration of how a stretch reflex operates to maintain posture under entirely natural conditions.
Measured head and mandibular movements during walking and running at various speeds. Found that after each footstrike, the mandible moves downward relative to the maxilla then returns to rest position within 200 ms, with maximum displacement under 1 mm even at fastest running speed. No tooth contact occurred in any gait condition.
17. - no fucking relation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12742443/
doi: 10.1016/s0021-9290(03)00009-5
S. Flavel, 2003. Postural stability of the human mandible during locomotion
Measured head and mandibular movements during walking and running at various speeds. Found that after each footstrike, the mandible moves downward relative to the maxilla then returns to rest position within 200 ms, with maximum displacement under 1 mm even at fastest running speed. No tooth contact occurred in any gait condition.
S. Flavel, 2003. Postural stability of the human mandible during locomotion
Landing on the heel or on the toe in different forms of locomotion was followed by rapid deceleration of the downward movement of the head and slightly less rapid deceleration of the downward movement of the mandible, i.e., the mandible moved downwards relative to the maxilla, then upwards again to near its normal posture within 200 ms. No tooth contact occurred in any forms of gait at any inclination. The movement of the mandible relative to the maxilla depended on the nature and velocity of the locomotion and their effects on head deceleration.
18.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6763159/
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06447.2001
Shiller et al., 2001. Compensation for the Effects of Head Acceleration on Jaw Movement in Speech
Jaw movements vary with head acceleration during walking/speech. The nervous system partially compensates.
19.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0135712
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135712
C. Maurer et al., 2015. Influence of the Lower Jaw Position on the Running Pattern
Subjects exhibited unique movement patterns leading to 18 clusters for the 20 subjects. No overall classification of the splint condition could be observed. Within individual subjects different running patterns could be identified for the four splint conditions. The splint conditions lead to a more symmetrical running pattern than the control condition.
Discussion
The influence of an occlusal splint on running pattern can be confirmed in this study. Wearing a splint increases the symmetry of the running pattern. A more symmetrical running pattern might help to reduce the risk of injuries or help in performance. The change of the movement pattern between the neutral condition and any of the three splint conditions was significant within subjects but not across subjects. Therefore the dental splint has a measureable influence on the running pattern of subjects, however subjects individuality has to be considered when choosing the optimal splint condition for a specific subject.
20.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12160250/
Fujimoto et al., 2001. Changes in gait stability induced by alteration of mandibular position
Subjects were instructed to walk for a 18m distance with the mandible guided at six different positions by occlusal splints. The gait was recorded at fast, ordinary and slow walking speeds under occluded condition. Gait cycle, coefficient of variation for gait cycle and gait velocity were calculated during the 10m-walk. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures demonstrated significant differences among the six mandibular positions for the gait cycle at all gait speeds, for the coefficient of variation at fast speed and ordinary speed and for the gait velocity at fast speed (P<0.05). Regarding these variables, multiple comparison tests were also performed between the mandibular position without instruction for occlusion and other five mandibular positions. Gait cycle, coefficient of variation and gait velocity changed significantly in 5mm opening position from the intercuspal position, and in 5 mm left and 5mm right position from the 3mm opening position at fast speed (P<0.05). The result of this study suggests that the change of mandibular position could affect the gait stability.
21.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8004626/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph18063295
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/6/3295
M. Paço., 2021. Orthodontic Treatment and Craniocervical Posture in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders: An Observational Study
When the pre- and post-orthodontic treatment data were analyzed, there were statistically significant changes in variables concerning craniocervical posture (CV angle, C0-C1, and AA-PNS) and also concerning hyoid bone position (C3-Rgn). When pre- and post-orthodontic treatment and contention phase data were analyzed the variables concerning craniocervical posture (C0-C1, CVT/Ver, NSL/OPT, NSL/CVT, NSL/Ver; OPT/CVT, OPT/Ver) and facial biotype had statistically significant changes. This allowed us to conclude that in the sample studied, there were significant differences regarding hyoid bone position (pre- versus post-orthodontic treatment) and craniocervical posture (pre- versus post-orthodontic versus contention), with the craniocervical posture being prone to return to basal values. The presence of condylar displacement was found to significantly increase the H-H1 distance in the three moments of evaluation. Facial biotype was found to significantly increase the NSL/Ver angle on hypodivergent compared to hyperdivergent in the contention phase.
22.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304394003014137
doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.11.055
P. Bracco., Effects of different jaw relations on postural stability in human subjects
All subjects showed variations of body posture in the different mandibular positions. Statistical analysis (analysis of variance for repeated measures) confirmed that postural variations in different jaws relations were significant: in particular, the SKN multiple comparison test showed that myocentric position improved postural balance on frontal plane with respect to the other jaw positions considered.
23.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2019.01626/full
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01626
S. Julià-Sánchez et al., 2019 The Influence of Dental Occlusion on Dynamic Balance and Muscular Tone
Recorded data were grouped according to (i) the association between the dental occlusion (ICP, CR, correct occlusion, and presence of malocclusal traits) and dynamic stability measured with the SEBT and (ii) the influence of dental occlusion on the biomechanical muscle properties.
1. - no fucking relation to the topic, but extraction-airway
DOI: 10.4103/0976-237X.132314
Links: PMC: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4067782/
PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24963245/
https://journals.lww.com/cocd/fulltext/10.4103/0976-237x.132314~effects-of-first-premolar-extraction-on-airway-dimensions-in
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263476672_Effects_of_first_premolar_extraction_on_airway_dimensions_in_young_adolescents_A_retrospective_cephalometric_appraisal
Sharma et al., 2014
Effects of first premolar extraction on airway dimensions in young adolescents: A retrospective cephalometric appraisal
A retrospective cephalometric evaluation was carried out on the available pre and post orthodontic treatment records of 150 patients (12-18 years of age) who had bimaxillary proclination and were treated with fixed orthodontic therapy.
It was observed that the mean values of nasopharyngeal dimension and Total Airway Length (TAL) showed no statistically significant difference in pre and post treatment groups. All other airway and hyoid parameters showed statistically significant difference. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed statistically significant correlations in all the airway and hyoid parameters.
2. - no fucking relation to the topic, but extraction-airway
PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26330227/
doi: 10.1007/s11325-015-1238-3
Guilleminault et al., 2016
Missing teeth and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea
Conclusion: Alveolar bone growth is dependent on the presence of the teeth that it supports. The dental agenesis in the studied children was not part of a syndrome and was an isolated finding. Our children with permanent teeth missing due to congenital agenesis or permanent teeth extraction had a smaller oral cavity, known to predispose to the collapse of the upper airway during sleep, and presented with OSA recognized at a later age. Due to the low-grade initial symptomatology, sleep-disordered breathing may be left untreated for a prolonged period with progressive worsening of symptoms over time.
3. - no fucking relation to the topic, but REtraction-airway
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21793712/
doi: 10.2319/011011-13.1
Wang et al., 2012
Changes of pharyngeal airway size and hyoid bone position following orthodontic treatment of Class I bimaxillary protrusion
Conclusions: The pharyngeal airway size became narrower after the treatment. Extraction of four premolars with retraction of incisors did affect velopharyngeal, glossopharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and hyoid position in bimaxillary protrusive adult patients.
4. - no fucking relation to the topic, but REtraction-airway
PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22462464/
DOI: 10.2319/110211-675.1
Chen et al., 2012
Effect of large incisor retraction on upper airway morphology in adult bimaxillary protrusion patients
There was a significant correlation among the retraction distance of the upper incisor at its edge, the retraction distance of the hyoid in the horizontal direction, and the decrease of the hypopharynx.
Conclusion: Large incisor retraction leads to narrowing of the upper airway in adult bimaxillary protrusion patients.
5. - no fucking relation to the topic, but extraction-REtraction-airway
PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21118911/
DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjq109
Germec-Cakan et al., 2011
Uvulo-glossopharyngeal dimensions in non-extraction, extraction with minimum anchorage, and extraction with maximum anchorage
Superior and middle airway space increased significantly (P < 0.05) in group 1. In group 2, none of the parameters showed a significant change, while in group 3, middle and inferior airway space decreased (P < 0.01). The findings show that extraction treatment using maximum anchorage has a reducing effect on the middle and inferior airway dimensions.
6.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38438541/
Full text: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-55840-w
PDF: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-55840-w.pdf
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55840-w
Peng et al., 2024
Craniocervical posture in patients with skeletal malocclusion and its correlation with craniofacial morphology during different growth periods
This study aimed to investigate the association between craniofacial morphology and craniocervical posture in patients with sagittal skeletal malocclusion during different growth periods.
Most indicators describing craniocervical posture were largest in skeletal Class II and smallest in skeletal Class III during the peak growth periods and later. Cervical inclination variables were greater in skeletal Class III than in skeletal Class II. Variables of craniofacial morphology and craniocervical posture are more correlated during the pubertal growth period and later in patients with sagittal skeletal malocclusion. A tendency is an indication of the close interrelationship that a more extended head was in skeletal Class II while a flexed head was in skeletal Class III. Nevertheless, with the considerations of some limitations involved in this study, further longitudinal studies with large samples are required to elucidate the relationship clearly.
7.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3bf2/91f799d70f9fca60bb5ad8afb48b11bbefdd.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331878581_Cervical_Posture_and_Skeletal_Malocclusions_-_Is_there_a_Link
DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v15i1.20509
Tauheed et al., 2019
Cervical Posture and Skeletal Malocclusions – Is there a Link?
The present study concludes that skeletal sagittal jaw relations differ in their cervical postures, especially cervical curvature. Skeletal Class III subjects have significantly straighter cervical columns than skeletal Class I subjects. We also conclude that curvature of the cervical column has a correlation with sagittal jaw relations. Nevertheless, based on a cross-sectional study, it is not possible to reach a definitive conclusion that can indicate the cause and effect relation of cervical posture and skeletal sagittal jaw relations. Hence, it is recommended to follow these variables in a longitudinal study.
8.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12723858/
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08869634.2003.11746240
doi: 10.1080/08869634.2003.11746240.
Festa et al., 2003
Relationship between cervical lordosis and facial morphology in Caucasian women with a skeletal class II malocclusion: a cross-sectional study
The sample comprised 70 Caucasian adult women, average 27.4, in skeletal class II and Angle class II. Lateral skull radiographs were obtained in natural head position (mirror position). Ten morphological variables were individuated on tracings. In order to assess errors due to landmark identification, double measurements were made in ten randomly selected radiographs and were compared with Dahlberg's formula. A Sperman's rank correlation test showed a negative correlation (P < 0.01) between cervical lordosis and mandibular length (compensatory curvature of the cervical spine) and positive correlation between anterior cranial base and maxillary length (P < 0.05). Based upon the cross-sectional method, no conclusion was possible about the mechanism concerning these results. Future longitudinal studies in growing patients should be directed to understanding the extent of environmental and genotype influences on cervical lordosis angle.
9.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14964336/
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/crn.2004.005
doi: 10.1179/crn.2004.005
Lapatki / D'Attilio et al., 2004
Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study
Intra-group analysis showed significant correlations between the CVT/EVT angle and mandibular length (p<0.01), mandibular position (p<0.05), mandibular divergence (p<0.01), and overjet (p<0.01) in both groups. Between groups, the analysis showed significant differences in CVT/EVT angle (p<0.05), maxillary protrusion (p<0.01), mandibular protrusion (p<0.01), mandibular length (p<0.01), mandibular divergence (p<0.05), and overbite (p<0.05).
10.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4264092/
Z. Hedayati, 2013. Comparison of Natural Head Position in Different Anteroposterior Malocclusions
Conclusion: A more forward head posture was observed in skeletal class III participants compared to skeletal class I and II and that class III patients tended to incline their head more ventral compared to class I participants. These findings may have implications for the amount of jaw movements during surgery particularly in patients with a class III malocclusion.
11.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34623215/
doi: 10.1080/08869634.2021.1987040
C. Sandoval, 2024. Assessing cervical spine and craniofacial morphology in Class II and Class III malocclusions: A geometric morphometric approach
Compared with Class III, Class II individuals presented a maxillary protrusion, mandibular retrusion, shorter mandibular corpus, posterior mandibular ramus rotation, anterior cranial base rotation, and a smaller centroid size. Furthermore, a forward and smaller cervical spine were observed. With GMM, the shape and size differences between skeletal classes can be analyzed visually and numerically.
12.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1379641/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-7-8
Lippold et al., 2006. Sagittal jaw position in relation to body posture in adult humans – a rasterstereographic study
No correlations between overjet and variables of the thoracic, lordotic or the pelvic inclination could be observed.
12.
Full text: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/8/2626
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14082626
Dipalma et al., 2025 (Systematic review). Head and Cervical Posture in Sagittal Skeletal Malocclusions: Insights from a Systematic Review
Results: Significant correlations were identified between sagittal skeletal malocclusions and craniocervical posture, particularly cervical curvature. Class II malocclusion was associated with increased cervical curvature and forward head posture, whereas Class III malocclusion was linked to straighter cervical columns and a more posterior head position. Variations in cervical vertebral morphology were also observed, especially in relation to head posture and craniofacial structure. However, considerable heterogeneity was noted among studies regarding sample populations, measurement techniques, and classification criteria.
Conclusions: This review highlights a strong interrelationship between craniocervical posture and sagittal skeletal classification, with potential clinical implications for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Further longitudinal studies are needed to establish causal relationships and improve orthodontic management strategies.
13.
Full text: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0276156
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276156
Peng et al., 2022. Does head and cervical posture correlate to malocclusion? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Results: 6 original cross-sectional studies involving 505 participants were included, which were of moderate methodological quality. NL/VER in Class Ⅱ group and NL/CVT in Class Ⅲ group showed significant differences compared to Class Ⅰ group, but no significant differences were observed in most of the variables like NSL/VER, OPT/CVT, OPT/HOR, CVT/HOR, NSL/OPT, NSL/CVT, NL/OPT in Class Ⅱ and Ⅲ groups.
Conclusions: The results suggested that the current research evidence is not sound enough to prove the association of head and cervical posture with sagittal malocclusion. Better controlled design and a larger sample size are required for clarifying this question in future study.
14.
ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1723778510000982
doi: 10.1016/j.pio.2010.09.010
Michelotti et al., 2011. Dental occlusion and posture: an overview
Results: The studies showed that even if some associations have been found between occlusal factors and postural alterations, there is not enough scientific evidence to support a cause-effect relations. Most studies suffer from major flaws such as lack of control groups, failure to take into account for the possible confounders, inappropriate study design, and lack of sufficient reliability and validity of used diagnostic tests.
Conclusions: On the basis of this overview, it is not advisable to perform occlusal and/or orthodontic treatment, especially if irreversible and expensive, to treat or prevent postural imbalances or alteration of spine curvatures.
15.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11204623/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38929993/
https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/12/3463
doi: 10.3390/jcm13123463
D. Różańska-Perlińska, 2024. The Correlation between Malocclusion and Body Posture and Cervical Vertebral, Podal System, and Gait Parameters in Children: A Systematic Review
Conclusions: The majority of studies on malocclusion and posture have confirmed a discernible association between malocclusion and posture. Various methodologies, including gait analysis, posturographic examination, and clinical assessments, have been employed to explore this relationship. Notably, a study on the effects of rapid palatal expansion (RPE) on posture during gait indicated a significant improvement in dynamic posture and emphasized the potential benefits of orthodontic interventions in enhancing overall body balance.
The majority of the studies focused on the relationship between malocclusion, cervical vertebral column morphology, and head posture; emphasized the intricate nature of this relationship; and acknowledged the nuanced associations between craniofacial structures and body positioning.
The studies exploring the relationship between malocclusion, foot posture, and body balance highlighted the positive effects of correct dental occlusion on podalic support and homogeneous weight distribution on both feet.
The studies dealt with various aspects of the complex association between malocclusion and gait parameters in pediatric populations and collectively have contributed substantially to the understanding of the relationship between malocclusion, dental occlusion, and gait dynamics.
Claude: What the paper does not prove
• It does not prove that malocclusion causes poor posture.
• It does not prove that orthodontic treatment will correct posture or gait.
• It shows correlations, not a clear cause-and-effect relationship.
16. - no fucking relation
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1664734/
doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.050443
T. Miles, 2003/2004. Control of human mandibular posture during locomotion
Claude:
Measured mandibular movements and masseter EMG during hopping, walking and running. Heel landing with relaxed jaw muscles caused the mandible to drop and evoked a stretch reflex in the masseter at monosynaptic latency. During walking the movements were too small and slow to trigger reflexes; during running, stretch reflexes actively stabilize jaw position.
Abstract:
It is concluded that, during walking, the small, slow movements of the mandible relative to the maxilla are subthreshold for stretch reflexes in the jaw muscles: i.e. the mandible is supported by visco-elasticity of the soft tissues in the masticatory system. However, the brisker downward movements of the mandible after heel-landing during hopping and running evoke segmental reflex responses which contribute to the active maintenance of the posture of the mandible. This is a unique demonstration of how a stretch reflex operates to maintain posture under entirely natural conditions.
Measured head and mandibular movements during walking and running at various speeds. Found that after each footstrike, the mandible moves downward relative to the maxilla then returns to rest position within 200 ms, with maximum displacement under 1 mm even at fastest running speed. No tooth contact occurred in any gait condition.
17. - no fucking relation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12742443/
doi: 10.1016/s0021-9290(03)00009-5
S. Flavel, 2003. Postural stability of the human mandible during locomotion
Measured head and mandibular movements during walking and running at various speeds. Found that after each footstrike, the mandible moves downward relative to the maxilla then returns to rest position within 200 ms, with maximum displacement under 1 mm even at fastest running speed. No tooth contact occurred in any gait condition.
S. Flavel, 2003. Postural stability of the human mandible during locomotion
Landing on the heel or on the toe in different forms of locomotion was followed by rapid deceleration of the downward movement of the head and slightly less rapid deceleration of the downward movement of the mandible, i.e., the mandible moved downwards relative to the maxilla, then upwards again to near its normal posture within 200 ms. No tooth contact occurred in any forms of gait at any inclination. The movement of the mandible relative to the maxilla depended on the nature and velocity of the locomotion and their effects on head deceleration.
18.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6763159/
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06447.2001
Shiller et al., 2001. Compensation for the Effects of Head Acceleration on Jaw Movement in Speech
Jaw movements vary with head acceleration during walking/speech. The nervous system partially compensates.
19.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0135712
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135712
C. Maurer et al., 2015. Influence of the Lower Jaw Position on the Running Pattern
Subjects exhibited unique movement patterns leading to 18 clusters for the 20 subjects. No overall classification of the splint condition could be observed. Within individual subjects different running patterns could be identified for the four splint conditions. The splint conditions lead to a more symmetrical running pattern than the control condition.
Discussion
The influence of an occlusal splint on running pattern can be confirmed in this study. Wearing a splint increases the symmetry of the running pattern. A more symmetrical running pattern might help to reduce the risk of injuries or help in performance. The change of the movement pattern between the neutral condition and any of the three splint conditions was significant within subjects but not across subjects. Therefore the dental splint has a measureable influence on the running pattern of subjects, however subjects individuality has to be considered when choosing the optimal splint condition for a specific subject.
20.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12160250/
Fujimoto et al., 2001. Changes in gait stability induced by alteration of mandibular position
Subjects were instructed to walk for a 18m distance with the mandible guided at six different positions by occlusal splints. The gait was recorded at fast, ordinary and slow walking speeds under occluded condition. Gait cycle, coefficient of variation for gait cycle and gait velocity were calculated during the 10m-walk. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures demonstrated significant differences among the six mandibular positions for the gait cycle at all gait speeds, for the coefficient of variation at fast speed and ordinary speed and for the gait velocity at fast speed (P<0.05). Regarding these variables, multiple comparison tests were also performed between the mandibular position without instruction for occlusion and other five mandibular positions. Gait cycle, coefficient of variation and gait velocity changed significantly in 5mm opening position from the intercuspal position, and in 5 mm left and 5mm right position from the 3mm opening position at fast speed (P<0.05). The result of this study suggests that the change of mandibular position could affect the gait stability.
21.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8004626/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph18063295
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/6/3295
M. Paço., 2021. Orthodontic Treatment and Craniocervical Posture in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders: An Observational Study
When the pre- and post-orthodontic treatment data were analyzed, there were statistically significant changes in variables concerning craniocervical posture (CV angle, C0-C1, and AA-PNS) and also concerning hyoid bone position (C3-Rgn). When pre- and post-orthodontic treatment and contention phase data were analyzed the variables concerning craniocervical posture (C0-C1, CVT/Ver, NSL/OPT, NSL/CVT, NSL/Ver; OPT/CVT, OPT/Ver) and facial biotype had statistically significant changes. This allowed us to conclude that in the sample studied, there were significant differences regarding hyoid bone position (pre- versus post-orthodontic treatment) and craniocervical posture (pre- versus post-orthodontic versus contention), with the craniocervical posture being prone to return to basal values. The presence of condylar displacement was found to significantly increase the H-H1 distance in the three moments of evaluation. Facial biotype was found to significantly increase the NSL/Ver angle on hypodivergent compared to hyperdivergent in the contention phase.
22.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304394003014137
doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.11.055
P. Bracco., Effects of different jaw relations on postural stability in human subjects
All subjects showed variations of body posture in the different mandibular positions. Statistical analysis (analysis of variance for repeated measures) confirmed that postural variations in different jaws relations were significant: in particular, the SKN multiple comparison test showed that myocentric position improved postural balance on frontal plane with respect to the other jaw positions considered.
23.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2019.01626/full
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01626
S. Julià-Sánchez et al., 2019 The Influence of Dental Occlusion on Dynamic Balance and Muscular Tone
Recorded data were grouped according to (i) the association between the dental occlusion (ICP, CR, correct occlusion, and presence of malocclusal traits) and dynamic stability measured with the SEBT and (ii) the influence of dental occlusion on the biomechanical muscle properties.